Usually in thermal spraying, the term "tungsten carbide" is used to describe any material based on tungsten carbide, but it is actually composed of tungsten carbide itself in a metal binder matrix.

Borides are compounds formed from boron and metals, but also widely include boron and metal-like and nonmetallic compounds.

Titanium is an alloying element of steel (ferrotitanium), titanium will reduce the grain size of steel, and titanium as a deoxidizer will reduce the oxygen content of steel; Adding titanium to stainless steel can reduce the carbon content.

The target price of titanium is not cheap, mainly because the price of its raw material titanium is high. Titanium sputtering target is mainly used for various film coatings.